Transmembrane receptors structure, many in another stage of the cycle of “activated” on their binding ligands, or autumn, when it is composed of protein subunits of two or more can work together in order to clarify. Often, the structure based on their molecular structure, or are known, and (experimentally verified sometimes) assumptions, they are classified for details of the receptor almost all are based on the film topography . Seven times (for example, so-called G-protein-coupled receptor) that it is the turn of the polypeptide chain of the easiest while passing through to other people will provide the lipid bilayer only once.

There are various types, such as lipoproteins and glycoproteins such. Hundreds of different receptors are known, many have not been discovered yet. Membrane receptor known of all is a transmembrane protein almost. It may also have membrane receptors for several different amounts of cell surface specific. Specific receptors may be present at different concentrations in the membrane surface in accordance with the functions and cell membrane are different. Usually, the receptor is a “cluster” of the membrane surface, the distribution of the receptor on the surface of the membrane is not uniform, mainly.

GPCR is an integral membrane protein having a transmembrane helix or seven transmembrane domains. Extracellular portion of the receptor may be glycosylated. Further extracellular loop These include cysteine ​​residues that are highly conserved in two to form disulfide bonds to stabilize the structure of the receptor. 7-transmembrane helix several proteins that are similar (channel rhodopsin), among these proteins, GPCR can include ion channels.

As with the GPCR, I have a seven transmembrane domains (of AdipoR2 and AdipoR1 of) 2 and adiponectin receptor 1. The AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 of however, not bound to the G protein (ie, N-terminal extracellular C-terminal cytoplasmic) and facing opposition to the GPCR in the film. Structural model of initial for GPCR is based on the analogy weak their structure bacteriorhodopsin, which is fixed to both the (1AP9) X-ray crystal structure analysis of the base and (PDB 2BRD, 1AT9) electron diffraction. In 2000, the crystal structure of the first mammalian GPCR of (1F88) that bovine rhodopsin is determined. The main function of the seven transmembrane helix has been maintained, but the relative orientation of the helix, differ significantly from those of bacteriorhodopsin. In 2007, (2R4R, 2R4S) was solved the structure of the first GPCR human. This was immediately followed by the high-resolution structure of (2RH1) same receptor. Β2-adrenergic receptor GPCR structure of this man, was very similar to bovine rhodopsin in terms of the relative orientation of the seven-transmembrane helix. However, the structure of the extracellular loops and the second is completely different between the two structures. As a “cap” that covers the top of the ligand binding site, the difference in the structure, based on the structure of rhodopsin, this cycle emphasizes construction of homology models GPCR other difficult.

Structure and agonists related activity of GPCR / or has been determined. These structures, shows how the ligand lead to structural changes in the cytoplasmic side of the receptor to the extracellular portion of the receptor. The biggest change is the move to the outside of the cytoplasmic portion of (TM6 and TM5) transmembrane helix of the fifth and sixth. Structure and lively complex with the Gs of β-2 adrenergic receptor, it was confirmed that you are communicating with the cavity Gα has been created by this movement.

Structurally, seven-transmembrane outside which are connected by a (extracellular loops and three (IL-1, IL-3) cells 3 N-terminus (7-TM) followed, GPCR is, α-helix intracellular C-terminus and finally EL-1-3 EL), characterized by (TM-1-7 TM),. It is organized in three-dimensional structure similar to the barrel of transmembrane helix seven functional plasma membrane and hollow as a ligand-binding domain that is coated with IL-2 to be a GPCR in many cases. Instead, as shown in, N-is as a ligand (C is mGluR) metabotropic glutamate receptor class (eg, peptides and larger protein) or, if bulky ligands that interact with the extracellular loop However, the terminal tails may be coupled to other locations. The GPCR is of class C, I is characterized by N-terminal tail, large thereof including ligand binding domain. upon binding to the glutamate mGluR, N-terminal tail is subjected to structural changes that lead to interactions with residues of the TM domains and extracellular loops. The net effect of all kinds of three of the agonist-induced activation, helical TM lead of intracellular and surface large residues intracellular TM domain “revelation” an important helix for notifying the transfer function ( ie (, G-protein-coupled is the change in the relative orientation of comparison) and rotational motion). Antagonists and inverse agonists, can be bound to a number of different location, but the effect of any, should be to prevent this spiral reorientation TM.

Structure of the C-terminal tail and the N-GPCR is able to play an important functionality than ligand binding. Specifically, often C-terminal phosphorylation contains threonine or serine (serine) and residues (of Thr), and binding affinity to the cell surface of the scaffold protein called (β-IP) β-arrestin I increase the resistance. Lead it is possible to prevent the G protein-coupled spatial and appoint other proteins, the formation of a signaling complex involving (NARI) receptor endocytosis and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway When you connect as, β-arrestin. The phosphorylation of Thr and Ser residues since these occur as a result of the activation of GPCR often, internalization of GPCR and β-ARR-mediated G protein secretion is an important mechanism of desensitization. Among the GPCR, C-terminal tail and structural theme last common is the palmitoylation of one or more objects in the intracellular loop. By the addition of a hydrophobic group, palmitoylation effect of instructing microdomains rich in cholesterol of the plasma membrane called lipid rafts and receptor sphingolipid covalent modification of cysteine ​​residues (for Cys), and an acyl I have a. Also join many (including those involved in the negative feedback path) effector molecules and lower probe of GPCR, to facilitate lipid rafts, the rapid receptor signaling, I have been directed to this result.