Membrane receptor is a protein molecule that are specific to the cell membrane, (hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs) external molecules them, causing a change in cell function, was added. This process is called transduction: external signal, is introduced into the action. Also known hundreds of receptor, no doubt, more and more, are just some yet to be discovered. Many drugs exert their therapeutic effect by blocking or activating a membrane receptor.

The membrane receptor, direct evidence for them suggest that it was in existence long before it was not. As of 1889 at the earliest, the first evidence came from the work of physiologist Langley nerve synapses in the UK. (Axon unit of the central nervous system, and postganglionic fibers, sympathetic with the synapse between nerve cells that do not dominate the heart organ, eye, and intestinal) paint drug solution of nicotine to the ganglion. This means that the nerve ganglion ganglion before, it is enabled, then inhibition of control organ, Langley noted that nicotine cause agitated by postganglionic nerve. Similarly, when the nicotine nerve agent and is located on the intersection of the skeletal muscle fibers, suggesting that to mimic the chemical signals emitted from motor nerve, muscle fibers, flinch.

Vagus nerve is stimulated, the heart slows down, Dixon, proposed in 1907 that have been released from the nerve endings to something be reconciled with the “body” of the heart muscle. We had to wait a Nobel Prize for the discovery of pharmacologist Ottorebi, of Germany reported in 1921 demonstration of chemical transmission. If You idea of ​​experiments had in a dream, he has created a frog heart perfusion of two perfusate like came first, from second Ottorebi. Beating vagus nerve, heart slow when stimulated it, after a few seconds, the first is connected to the heart and the second layer. To emancipate the mind first, some substances caused (Lowy “is Vagusstoff” is called), the equivalent flow of second, and nerve stimulation. Accordingly opinion (this experiment does not prove that the material came from the vagus nerve trunk itself) to receive the chemical signal that there is a host site was born.

Cells is different from the outside, intracellular membranes are determined areas or limited space usually it is possible to maintain the environmental chemical or biochemical. For an example of a cell membrane of the peroxisome shield around the remainder from dividing cells and peroxide of cell membrane around it. Organelle Most are referred to as organelle “coupling film”, is defined by these films.Perhaps the most important function of biological membranes are selectively permeable structure. This means that the chemical properties of the other size of the molecules or atoms are trying intersection to determine whether they can do so, and cost. Selective permeability is essential for effective separation of cell organelles or cells from the environment. Further biological membranes and has elastic properties, or some mechanical. Particles are not able necessary for cell function, but spread freely on the membrane is obtained by endocytosis or enter the membrane transport protein.

The filopodia membrane of postsynaptic their hair whip, the tip of the cilium, and side bottom presynaptic, microvilli, and lamellipodia: can be many types of separating cells from the external environment in the plasma membrane of specialized , as well as the muscle cell membrane of the muscle cells, neurons and myelin membrane professional dendritic spines. Further cell membrane, it is possible to form a mobile node structure “supramembrane” different such caveolae, synaptic density, Podosomu, invadopodium, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and focal adhesion. The membrane of these types of protein and lipid composition is different. And (outer membrane and the inner membrane) er surface roughness, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria (inner membrane and the outer membrane) core, peroxisome, vacuole, cytoplasmic granules in endosomes: Smooth and type of the film also The granules and melanosomes (synaptosomes, acrosome, of hromafinna secretory vesicles to create a cell organelles, and (COPII coated vesicle phagosome, autophagosome, clathrin-coated vesicles, and were COPI coated) vesicles of the cell including).

I have a protein composition and lipid type of biological membranes are different. The content of the membrane determines the biological properties and their physical. As a matter discharge pump pumping the drug of such cells, some components of the film, plays an important role in health care. Plasma membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of living cells or cell membrane, to separate the intracellular components of the extracellular medium physically. It has a cell wall that prevents the passage of large molecules fungi, also plants and bacteria, and more, to provide mechanical support to the cage. Further cell membrane, cytoskeleton plays a role in strengthening can to assist cell group and forms a fabric, providing a form of placing cells and the other cells in the extracellular matrix.

Membrane is a selectively permeable, it is possible to facilitate the transport of materials needed for survival, to adjust what and out of the cell. The movement of substances across the membrane, the active cell or generated, without the introduction of “passive” cellular energy may be either a request to spend energy on its transport. Further, the film is, I maintain the cell potential. In this way, the cell membrane acts as a selective filter that you can either enter certain things, goes out of the cell. Cell uses a number of transport mechanisms, including biological membranes.

NMDA receptors (NMDAR), glutamate receptors are the predominant molecular device for synaptic plasticity and to control the memory function. NMDAR is a particular type of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Instead of NMDA receptors of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), is the name of the selective agonists that bind to the receptor “,” glutamate other. Activation of NMDA receptors resulting in the opening of ion channels are non-selective for cations having an equilibrium potential near 0 mV. Obtain a block of the ion channel of Mg2 ions extracellular nature of NMDA receptors is their voltage-dependent activation. This allows the ions is dependent on the voltage and K Ca2 small amount of flow cell and Na out of the cell. Calcium flux is considered important in cellular mechanism for memory and synaptic plasticity, learning and through NMDARs. It is important in two ways of the NMDA receptor. Glycine and D-serine or glutamic acid: First, ligand-dependent and it has been voltage-dependent, and second, it requires the simultaneous activation of the two ligands.

Is an expression glutamate-gated ion channels in the central nervous system (NMDARs) plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission enlarge N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. For his involvement in a number of neurological disorders, NMDARs is the target to be treated. NMDARs occurs in a subtype of some subset of the pharmacological properties and biophysical and its composition is different from that. In particular, have begun to reveal the molecular determinants of the selection of this subset, NMDARs are agents or endogenous ligands are likely to act to modulate the data in the structure and function of the recent and receptor subunit selective, I include some of a variety of objects. Binding site of glutamate, these include the recently identified allosteric site at the N-terminal domain and the pore of the ion channel. At the interface between subunits, potential sites other is unexplored by medicinal chemistry program to be considered also particularly still. Given the growing evidence that implicate subtypes various brain disorders different NMDAR, as NR2B, and interest in the use of pharmacological heterogeneity of NMDARs in the development of novel NMDAR subtype selective compounds in NR3A and pain in damage to the white matter There is growing.

How over-stimulation of excitotoxicity of NMDARs result, contribute and Huntington’s disease and role in the control of the structure and function of neurons and synapses, the brain disorder, progressive some during the development of the initial, this attractive new how to control the level of gene transcription of several families of transcription factors, alcoholism of the central nervous system and functional expression that covers many aspects of the biology of NMDARs is, the treatment of alcoholism this long-term changes in synaptic strength, interaction NMDAR activation of the dopamine receptor and mediated NMDARs rewards, the importance of phosphatase of cellular mechanisms involved in the transport protein kinases and the role of NMDARs in the promise of treatment of NMDAR base for how the physiology how to signal the accumulation of activation cascade of sex, to adjust the local synaptic protein synthesis necessary in the regulation of NMDAR function of the target of NMDAR protein for many, the signal at the synapse and dendritic spines I will control the transfer form NMDAR-mediated calcium, of the spine. NMDARs plays a role in the stage of time different memory formation in Drosophila. Design of therapeutic agents, extracellular modulation NMDARs polyamide, subunit specific inhibitor, the zinc ion, pH, the physiological role and structure-activity relationship, the antagonist structural basis for the effect, NMDAR pharmacology, agonists and a detailed description of the path to the molecular structure of the NMDARs, the role of localization in presynaptic NMDARs to control the possibility of synaptic plasticity for new therapeutic and allosteric modulators and NMDAR activation mechanism.

NMDA receptor subunit is composed of different classes of two. NR1 subunit contains all the properties of the NMDA receptor channel complex while enhancing the NMDA receptor response from hetero-assembly of the NR1 and discrimination (NR2A-2D) 4 NR2 subunit. MRNA of 5 NMDA receptor subunits are expressed in the cerebellum space ways different time. To examine the function of the NMDA receptor in the cerebellum, producing a deficient knockout mice both of these subunits NR2A or NR2C and we. Mutant mice of all three develop normally, I showed a normal overall morphology of the cerebellum. The NR2C-deficient mice and NR2A, NMDA receptor-mediated component in the evaluation of EPSCS granule cells are decreased in eliminating mouse Zu NR2C and NR2A virtually by whole cell recording of brain slices as. NR2C-deficient granule cells and NR2A is different in the time course of NM DA receptor response and the relationship of the DC voltage. NR2A subunit is contributing to the excitatory transmission via NMDA-receptors in different granule cells of mossy fiber synapses mature cerebellum and NR2C like this. Both of NR2C-deficient mice and NR2A is to test motor coordination task, movement of impairment was observed. The NR2C-deficient mutant mice and NR2A, you can stay in a stationary like this, to manage a simple coordination tasks, such as rotating the rod slowly, staying to rotate the rod rapidly such, more challenging You can fail to. The NMDA receptor, these data suggest that it plays an active role in motor coordination.

The NMDA receptor, NR2 subunits two regions and localized two duty NR1 subunits form a heterotetramer of (has been identified as NR2 subunits NR1) subunits and two GluN1 GluN2 two. When you link to gene family of B subunit and NR3 A, it has an inhibitory effect on the activity of the receptor. receptor isoforms with multiple functional properties and brain distribution of different caused by alternative splicing of the expression of contrast of NR2 subunits and NR1 transcription. It has a modular design, each structural module, each receptor subunit represents a functional module:

• Ligand-binding domain and modulation domain: the extracellular domain, which contains the structure of two spherical. NR2 subunit binding and glycine co-agonist site on the NR1 subunit binds glutamate neurotransmitter.
• Agonist binding module connection membrane domain is similar to the selectivity filter of potassium channels are composed of reentrant loop 3 and transmembrane segment.
• Membrane area is responsible for the high conductivity of a single receptor that contribute to the residual of the channel pore, with a voltage-dependent block of magnesium transparency and high calcium.
• Each subunit has a cytoplasmic domain containing residues that may not be modified by a number of interacting residues adapter scaffold protein phosphatase and many protein kinases, and structural proteins directly.

The glutamate-binding module NR2A subunits and NR3 subunits NR1 and glycine binding components, after expression as a soluble protein, by X-ray crystallography, three-dimensional structure thereof, has been solved at atomic resolution. This indicated amino acids twice bind common glutamate binding module AMPA receptors and bacterial protein and the kainate receptor.

Activation of NMDA receptors requires the binding of (unstimulated aspartate receptor by strong) aspartic acid and glutamic acid. In addition, also NMDARs is, it requires the binding of the co-agonist glycine for the effective detection of ion channel that is part of the receptor. The D-serine, agonize that the NMDA receptor with a large force has been further found glycine both. It is produced by serine racemase, D-serine is concentrated in the same area and the NMDA receptor. D-serine, and delete it will be able to block NMDA-mediated excitatory neurotransmission in many areas. Recently, D-serine, it is possible to release the control of NMDA receptors from both astrocytes and neurons is shown. Further, the third requirement is a membrane depolarization.

The positive change in membrane potential, the ion channel of the NMDA receptor, likely to open in the expulsion of Mg2 ions to block the channel from the outside will be higher. This property is essential for the role of NMDA receptors in learning and memory, the channel, it is assumed to be a biochemical substrate Hebbian learning that it can act as synaptic transmission and depolarization of the match detection membrane to.

Integrin α-IIb of is a protein encoded by a gene ITGA2B in humans. ITGA2B has code and integrin α chain 2b. Integrin is a heterodimer integral membrane protein consisting of one α and β chain from the chain. To form the expression fibrinogen receptor on platelets has an important role in blood coagulation, α chain 2b undergoes post-translational cleavage in order to obtain heavy and light chain disulfide bond is bonded to the beta 3 . Mutations that affect the outcome in this role Grants Man. That in addition to the adhesive, is involved in signal transduction integrins to cell surface through is known.

ITGA2B has code and integrin α chain 2b. Integrin is a heterodimer integral membrane protein consisting of one α and β chain from the chain. The α-chain 2b, to form the expression fibronectin receptor in platelets, heavy and light chain disulfide bond is bonded to the β 3 undergoes post-translational cleavage obtained has an important role in blood coagulation. Mutations that affect the outcome in this role Grants Man. That in addition to the adhesive, is involved in signal transduction integrins to cell surface through is known.

Modification of the cytoplasmic tail of the integrin αIIbβ3 integrin plays an important role in signal transduction of platelets. We for protein binding to αIIb cytoplasmic tail by a yeast two-hybrid assay with the DNA library proteins ancient ubiquitous protein 1 (Aup1) were identified expressing the ubiquitous human cells and megakaryocytes derived cell lines , Search. Observation of cells expressing Aup1 significant red fluorescent protein UT7/TPO showed localization in the cytoplasm. That about 40% of it is to form a complex with αIIbAup1 has been shown that immunoprecipitation of cells from antibody UT7/TPO Aup1. Glutathione and αIIb cytoplasmic tail peptides – related research and Aup1 related protein transferase revealed low affinity (KD = 90 mm). Connection has shown a Aup1 the cytoplasmic tail of the integrin α subunits other after the yeast two-hybrid analysis. The binding studies with purified a Aup1 various glutathione S-transferase-αIIbcytoplasmic tail peptide is conserved among the integrin α-subunit sequences proximal Aup1 film plays an important role in αIIbβ3 signaling integrin outward I made it clear, specific binding of the (KVGFFKR). As has Aup1 field is related to signal transduction, these results indicate the involvement of Aup1 in integrin signaling.

important role, KFR, is recognized in the regulation of platelet activation integrin αIIbβ3 integrin in maintaining the α-integrin cytoplasmic motif. To understand the molecular mechanism of this regulation, we tried to determine the nature of protein interactions in the cell pattern. Synthetic peptide high-density protein expression array for high affinity interaction to (37200 recombinant human protein)-labeled probe, we used the biotin KVGFFKR. I have identified the integrin-binding proteins some potential. Integrin – as an expression on platelets, its affinity for the peptide is highest, further, protein, chloride channel regulatory proteins, ICln Such characterized. We, PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and to verify the presence of ICln in human platelets by the co-relation between the integrin αIIbβ3 by surface plasmon resonance. Affinity of this reaction is 24.4 nM at 82.2 ± cell-free assay. Indicates a physiologically relevant, this interaction, co-immunoprecipitation with ICln integrin αIIbβ3 platelet lysate. In addition, not KVGFFKR peptide was immobilized, control peptide KAR, I will extract the ICln platelet lysate in particular. Acyclovir (100 microns to 5 mm), the pharmacological inhibitor of chloride channel ICln, platelet aggregation and (expression of PAC-1) integrin activation, P is, a specific role in the activation of integrin ICln especially The suppressed without affecting the expression of CD62 to confirm. To inhibit platelet function also in conjunction with the cell-penetrating peptide corresponding to the (ACE ,10-100 microns) integrin recognition domains ICln potential. Thus, we have found verification, and is characterized by new functional interaction ICln and platelet integrin in platelet membrane, between.

Alpha-IIb/beta-3 integrin is a receptor vitronectin fibrinogen, plasminogen, prothrombin, and thrombospondin, fibronectin. This recognizes the RGD sequence in a wide array of ligands. It recognizes the sequence HHLGGGAKQAGDV of fibrinogen γ chain. the results after the activation of integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3. Through binding of fibrinogen soluble, Interactions of platelets / platelet. Result of this step of rapid aggregation of platelets in the perforated surface of endothelial cells physically

Integrin is expressed adhesion molecules ubiquitously. These are cell surface receptors present and hetero of α as β subunit. Under physiological conditions, integrins are contained ions Mg 2 or Ca 2 of which is essential for ligand binding glycosylation very. Integrin receptor binding extracellular matrix to (ECM), is important to the cell, which is achieved integrin by fibronectin  Interaction of laminin vitronectin, and collagen. I will form a complex with proteins, including integrin adhesion Tallinn in the cell, vinculin, and paxillin, and α-actin. They also, to mediate attachment to regulate the kinase, such as Src family kinase and focal adhesion kinase, the actin cytoskeleton. Integrins can be activate protein kinase that plays an important role in cell signaling are involved in the regulation of cell
Apoptosis growth, division, survival, differentiation, and migration. It is an integrin receptor found on the surface glycoprotein II / IIIb group and platelets. Because it is involved in the cross-linking of fibrin plateletswith, I have played an important role in the formation of thrombus.

Genetic disorder common platelet aggregation: Grants Grants Man Man (GT). It is characterized by mucocutaneous bleeding of mild to moderate severity. GT can be classified into types I and II clinical. My type, I show a lack of complex-IIIa platelet glycoprotein IIb of the presence or absence of the possibility of clot retraction and fibrinogen and the surface. In type II, it is a detectable amount of the fibrinogen complex of GPIIb-IIIa on platelets express are regressed ability mochi low or moderate at a reduced level. = Please note are caused by mutations affecting gene disease has been represented in this position.

Integrin α-V is a protein encoded by a gene ITGAV in humans. The V. integrin encoding the integrin alpha chain, ITAGV is a heterodimer integral membrane protein comprising one α and β chain from chain. To form the different integrins, αV undergoes posttranslational cleavage in order to obtain heavy and light chain disulfide bond is coupled a plurality of integrin β chains. , Association β chains, respectively, αV, known that can interact with ligands of the extracellular matrix of 1,3-chain “ITGB8” β and (“ITGB1”, “ITGB3”, “ITGB5”, “ITGB6” , out of eight) 5, 6, and probably β3 integrin, most of those studies, vitronectin receptor is (VNR). That in addition to the adhesive, to promote integrin signaling many are known.

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the integrin superfamily. Integrin is a heterodimer integral membrane protein consisting of one α and β chain from the chain. To form the different integrins, the protein undergoes post-translational cleavage in order to obtain heavy and light chain disulfide bond joining the integrin β chains plurality. Is shown β-1, 3 heterodimeric β, β5, β6, FIG 8 and β, the heterodimer of β and α V 3, the protein is a vitronectin receptor. This protein interacts with extracellular matrix proteins of several that mediate cell adhesion involved in cell migration. It should be noted that this protein regulates the progression of cancer and angiogenesis has been suggested. In many embodiments of the transcripts encoding the protein isoforms different, as a result of alternative splicing.

It is an important step in the metastatic cascade, binding of cancer cells to vascular endothelium is mediated by integrins. Romanov Goligorsky prostate cancer cell interleukin-1 from the umbilical vein (the HUVEC) – using phage display to identify integrin is an important mediator of adhesion of human endothelial cells stimulated. Adhesion mediated PC-3, along with α3β1 and α5β1, these data, DU145 when suggesting that αVβ3 the HUVEC monolayer. In another study, stimulated by (S) eicosanoids 12 illustrates the murine melanoma cell adhesion microvascular endothelial cells – hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid is carried out by the αvβ3 integrin. Prostate cancer, for but often spreads to the bones, Romanov Goligorsky are using HUVEC, the importance of research of prostate cancer clinical has been questioned. Further, the prostate cancer cell lines, the HUVEC, preferably adhered to the human bone marrow endothelial cells has been shown. Αvβ3 integrin may be important for adhesion of prostate cancer cells HUVEC, but plays a role in adhesion of prostate cancer bone marrow endothelial This integrin is determined.

By adhesion and migration to the prostate cancer cell components present in the bone matrix during the integrin αvβ3, is conducted under particular. DU145 was reduced cell adhesion to the crude extract from bone protein of 94% well-characterized antibodies against (LM609) integrin αvβ3. Protein structure of the protein of the bone of the crude extracts has not been determined but, vitronectin and osteopontin is a protein common to ligands suitable for αvβ3 and mature bone. And Cheng. I show that the migration of osteopontin and vitronectin and PC-3 cell adhesion is dependent αvβ3 integrin. LNCaP cells do not migrate to osteopontin and vitronectin or stick to, because they do not express this integrin. The adhesion to vitronectin mediation, exogenous expression of integrin αvβ3 not osteopontin the LNCaP cells. LNCaP cells was, amazing Witkowski et al was used in the study. and expressed the αVβ3, but these cells do not conform to vitronectin, suggesting that monomer of this integrin is not functionally active. LNCaP cell adhesion to osteopontin is not evaluated in this study.

The V. integrin encoding the integrin alpha chain, ITAGV is a heterodimer integral membrane protein comprising one α and β chain from chain. I-domain containing integrin V is obtained subject to posttranslational cleavage
To form the integrin different disulfide-bonded, light chain and heavy chain binding to the integrin β chains plurality. , Association β chains, respectively, αV, known that can interact with ligands of the extracellular matrix of 1,3-chain “ITGB8” β and (“ITGB1”, “ITGB3”, “ITGB5”, “ITGB6” , out of eight) 5, 6, and probably β3 integrin, most of those studies, vitronectin receptor is (VNR). That in addition to the adhesive, to promote integrin signaling many are known. Result of alternative splicing in the transfer multiple variants.
Integrin α V is the receptor for vWF vitronectin, cytotactin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, laminin, matrix metalloproteinase -2, osteopontin osteomodulin, prothrombin, and thrombospondin. They recognize the RGD sequence in a wide range of ligands. In the case of HIV-1 infection, it appears interactions with extracellular viral Tat protein to enhance angiogenesis in Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions
hetero β subunit and α. α subunit is composed of a light chain and a binding heavy chain by a disulfide bond. fellow of α and V β-subunit 8 or β-1, P-3, P-5 ,6-β. I reacted with Tat of HIV-1. It is associated with a function as a receptor for virus Alpha-V/beta-6 hoof mouth virus (FMDV) and VP1 protein. It is associated with a function as a receptor of these viruses and B1 capsid protein and coxsackievirus Alpha-V/beta-6 Coxsackie A9. Interact with RAB25.

The integrin αM (ITGAM), is a protein subunit to form a (αMβ2) hetero molecule known as (CR3) macrophage antigen -1 complement receptor 3 or (MAC-1) dimer integrin αMβ2. ITGAM also known cluster differentiation molecule 11B and CR3A as (the CD11b). In the circuit of the second, belongs to the integrin (white blood cells) or sub-β2 integrin Therefore αMβ2 If it is αMβ2β2 integrin subunit common called CD18. αMβ2 is expressed on the surface of leukocytes number involved in the innate immune system, including natural killer cells monocytes, granulocytes, and macrophages. By adjusting the adhesion and migration of leukocytes, which have been implicated, such as activation of cellular mediators of inflammation, immune phagocytosis Such cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and chemotaxis, several processes directly below. Because of it, because of its ability to bind to and inactivate complement components. 3b (and iC3b), and are involved in the complement system. ITGAM of integrin αMβ2 (alpha) subunit is involved in creating the growth and adhesion of cells directly, but will not be able to mediate cell migration β2 (CD18) subunit does not exist. In genome-wide association studies, odds ratio of 1.65 for the T allele of rs9888739 and lupus single nucleotide polymorphism in ITGAM, had a strong association with the most systemic lupus erythematosus.

Between (also called complement receptor type 3 and MAC-1,, and also CD11b) M and integrin gene that ITGAM and disease, encoding clearly by new genetic analysis is probably the strongest group. And additional ligands contains a .17,18 (ICAM-2 and ICAM-1) 2 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1), fibrinogen, platelet 1bα glycoprotein, lipoprotein (but associated with SLE in the most strongly SNP specific ITGAM within its range, studies1, new 2,4 Three different, and genetic variants, the authors of each study, giving a change of amino acids having or both influence, to the binding function It was concluded that can be. Two people will provide support for the strongest association between the non-synonymous SNP in SLE and ITGAM (from SLEGEN by 4 eggplant et al.) Study of these two, to generate a combined maximum odds ratio of 1.65 and P = 2.02 × 10-26 for the association between alleles of T is combined analysis of independent samples of 7380, but 9073 you have tested and others lupus.2 eggplant and rs9888739 to share one-third of samples from control subjects and case subjects. After that, I set as rs1143679 SNP candidate causal ITGAM SLE, in patients who are African and Europe. Change, which can be changed amino acid change from arginine, histidine at position 77, a three-dimensional structure of the α1 domain of the protein, this variant, encoding the area of ​​responsibility of ICAM-1.

Including atherosclerosis premature and wire-loop lesion “onionskinning” spleen artery, retinopathy, livedo reticularis, glomerular capillary – To identify the ITGAM as lupus related genes typical of many of the SLE (The latter is one of the most important causes of mortality associated with lupus and morbidity) which have to reignite interest in research Mechanisms and pathological features and clinical. The gene encoding the DN-ase and vascular disorders of the retina and (TREX1) wolf, provides additional reasons for the study of mechanisms of vascular disease in SLE 3 ‘exonuclease 1 to repair rare mutation studies 21, 22 recently.

This gene encodes a M integrin chain. Integrin is a heterodimer integral membrane protein consisting of one α and β chain from the chain. In order to form, in combination with beta-2 chain (ITGB2), and the I-domain containing integrin alpha Of inactivated-C3b leukocyte-specific integrin receptor of macrophages or -1 (“Mac -1”) 3 (“CR3”) receptor (and iC3b). In the phagocytosis of complement coated particles, Mβ2 integrin alpha is important for adherence to monocytes and neutrophils to endothelial stimulation as well. numerous variants of the code transcripts have been found for this gene different isoforms.
Monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes, and are involved in the interaction of adhesive various mediating the uptake of complement coated particles Alpha-M/beta-2 integrin. It is identical to the CR-3 receptor fragment iC3b and the third component of complement. Recognize RGD peptide probably because C3b. Fibrinogen, factor X, and alpha-M/beta-2 integrin is a receptor for ICAM1. It recognizes a peptide of P1 and P2 of fibrinogen γ chain

Febrile multiple organ failure often chronic feature of connective tissue, recurrent, and inflammatory, mainly involving skin, joints, kidneys, serous membrane: (SLEB6) systemic lupus erythematosus 6. It is considered that this is the cause unknown, and due to the lack of regulatory mechanisms of the immune system. The disease is characterized by elevated sedimentation rate systemic dysfunction, of red blood cells, by a wide range of formation of LE cells in the bone marrow and blood or. = Please note that may be associated with changes that affect the gene present in this post to disease susceptibility.

L, known as the human gene which functions ITGAL, in the immune system (lymphocyte function associated (P180), an antigen -1 antigens CD11a, and polypeptides) Further integrin. This is involved in co-stimulatory signaling and cell adhesion. This is the purpose of the drug efalizumab. ITGAL encodes the integrin L chain. Integrin is a heterodimer integral membrane protein consisting of one α and β chain from the chain. To form a (LFA-1), combining beta 2 chain and (ITGB2) integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 expressed on all leukocytes This I-domain containing integrin alpha. Furthermore, (1-3 intercellular adhesion molecule) and its ligands, ICAMs 1-3, LFA-1 plays a central role in cell-cell leukocyte adhesion through interaction with functions of costimulatory signals of lymphocytes . With CD18 to form the lymphocyte function-associated antigen -1, CD11a, is one of the two components. The efalizumab act as immunosuppressants by binding to CD11a.

ITGAL encodes the integrin L chain. Integrin is a heterodimer integral membrane protein consisting of one α and β chain from the chain. To form a (LFA-1), combining beta 2 chain and (ITGB2) integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 expressed on all leukocytes This I-domain containing integrin alpha. Furthermore, (1-3 intercellular adhesion molecule) and its ligands, ICAMs 1-3, LFA-1 plays a central role in cell-cell leukocyte adhesion through interaction with functions of costimulatory signals of lymphocytes . transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Integrin adhesion is regulated through a process called “inside-out” signaling. To understand the molecular mechanisms of signaling inside-out integrin, we Mac-1 (αMβ2) or LFA-1 (αLβ2) mutations and express cytoplasmic domain that you have generated a cell line K562 stable. instead of the β2 domain cytoplasmic short additional film proximal 8 remaining, cutting, leading to αLβ2αMβ2, constitutive activation indicates the importance of membrane proximal region on the regulated integrin function adhesive. In addition, replacement of the cytoplasmic domain and the basic peptide and acidic and αLβ2 represent the α-helical coiled-coil was inactivated αLβ2. Association of the cytoplasmic domain these artificial revealed directly. On the other hand of the cytoplasmic domain and two peptides that do not form to activate αLβ2 αLβ2 and the α-helical coiled-coil, exchange. By activating the correlation of the cytoplasmic domain of mutation induction of activation of the epitope in the extracellular domain, introduction of the ligand binding. Cytoplasm of β integrin subunits limited between the integrin conformation α inert, our data indicate a close relationship film.

ITGAL encodes the integrin L chain. Integrin is a heterodimer integral membrane protein consisting of one α and β chain from the chain. In order to form, in combination with beta-2 chain (ITGB2), and the I-domain containing integrin alpha -1 Antigen which is expressed on all leukocytes of integrin lymphocyte function-associated (LFA-1). Furthermore, (1-3 intercellular adhesion molecule) and its ligands, ICAMs 1-3, LFA-1 plays a central role in cell-cell leukocyte adhesion through interaction with functions of costimulatory signals of lymphocytes . transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene

Alpha-L/beta-2 integrin is a receptor for ICAM4 and ICAM1, ICAM2, ICAM3. Interaction of endothelial cells of leukocytes, cytotoxic T cell killing disease, and this is made from granulocytes and immune manifested in various ways, including antibody-dependent killing by monocytes
Integrin adhesion is regulated through a process called “inside-out” signaling. To understand the molecular mechanisms of signaling inside-out integrin, we Mac-1 (αMβ2) or LFA-1 (αLβ2) mutations and express cytoplasmic domain that you have generated a cell line K562 stable. instead of the β2 domain cytoplasmic short additional film proximal 8 remaining, cutting, leading to αLβ2αMβ2, constitutive activation indicates the importance of membrane proximal region on the regulated integrin function adhesive. In addition, replacement of the cytoplasmic domain and the basic peptide and acidic and αLβ2 represent the α-helical coiled-coil was inactivated αLβ2. Association of the cytoplasmic domain these artificial revealed directly. On the other hand of the cytoplasmic domain and two peptides that do not form to activate αLβ2 αLβ2 and the α-helical coiled-coil, exchange. By activating the correlation of the cytoplasmic domain of mutation induction of activation of the epitope in the extracellular domain, introduction of the ligand binding. Cytoplasm of β integrin subunits limited between the integrin conformation α inert, our data indicate a close relationship film.
structure of the I domain of integrin bound to the Ig superfamily of ligand αLβ2 is an example of the first interface and IgSF integrin ligand binding structure ICAM-1 is open. Mg2 of domain I is adjusted directly from -34 Glu of ICAM-1, I will allow for important salt bridge Glu-241 swing of domain residues dramatically. Ligand binding to indicate that it is likely to induce conformational changes in the allosteric signal and in αLI domain structure of the non-ligand and ligand binding, high, medium-affinity variants I domain intermediate without ligand You can be converted into a closed structure of the open conformation and. Close affinity is increased gradually, the dismantling of α7 C-terminal helix and the ratchet of disulfide bonds that were introduced in the β6-α7 loop in three different positions intermediate, in the open conformation.
Interaction of ICAM-1 ligand and cell adhesion molecules LFA-1 plays an important role in immune and inflammatory responses. Critical residues of ICAM-1 binding for LFA-1, are known as Domain I of β-subunit and I-domain α subunit. We investigated the activity, such as I-peptide domain binding mechanism CLAB of LBE that shows the inhibitory activity of the I domain cyclic peptide cLAB.L of LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction here is based on the work of our previous. L. LBE cLAB.L has increased binding to epithelial cells and T cells. Adhesion of T cells to the epithelial monolayer, was inhibited by two peptides. I add the LBE in single layer in front of the inhibitory effect better addition cLAB.L result of the reverse. LBE, however cLAB.L the structure of ICAM-1, which means that it binds to ICAM-1 sites LBE is different cLAB.L, to generate improved structure of ICAM-1 for binding to CLAB I change the. L.

Further, in order to form the integrin integrin αEβ7 intact molecules heteroaryl is a protein encoded by (ITGAE) Human ITGAE gene.CD103 E integrin known as cluster differentiation 103 (CD103), and binding integrin beta 7 (β7-ITGB7) However, there is no name for that particular. This term refers only αE chain strictly αEβ7 complex is referred to as “CD103” often. The β7 sub-group, please note that you can connect with the α4 and integrin α chain other.

CD103 is expressed widely in peripheral regulatory T cells, and some (such as γδT cells αβT cells) epithelial cells lymphocyteT. As well as being useful in determining the cell leukemia is a positive for this marker CD103 DCs.It, a subset of dendritic cells in the mucosa of the mesenteric lymph nodes and intestines in the expression of this marker stack-specific T-cell It has been reported, it is CD103-negative T-cell lymphoma than the gut associated known, unlike blood malignancies most other.

and adhesion molecule found in the epithelial cells, the main ligand for αEβ7 is E-cadherin. Important for the homing of T cells to the site of the intestine probably. Treg seems is important in reducing the immune response and play an important role in the prevention of autoimmune diseases. Treg’s, the cells are defined as CD4 and / CD25 / Foxp3. The cells of the CD4 / FoxP3 some, to express CD103, it is placed in the regulatory activities. The presence of CD103 in Treg cells above, this is unknown whether it represents a differentiated function or IEL T, for professional Treg of Treg cells

Now, research on CD103 function is filled with a mixed state. Like other integrins, and if you want to connect it, it provides stimulation of effector function and proliferation of T cells. This lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA) CD8 CTL-mediated effector function, between intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM), the interaction between E-cadherin and CD103 is its be replaced by that is important. In many cases, this may be particularly important in epithelial target cells not ICAM-1. CD103 suggested that it may function as a homing receptor that promotes T cells to leach intestine. However, you can keep close to the epithelium clearly, rather than microlocalization T cell balance of evidence, in particular, it supports the role of the mucous membrane targeting. Unlike sister integrin α4β7 of CD103, can play an important role in the targeting of leukocytes to mucosal sites are known. Early studies of CD103-/ – significant changes only mouse is somewhat disappointing that the number of T-cell-dependent dermatitis of unknown etiology and mucosal T cells was modest decrease.

Maternal lymphocytes in fetal maternal interface play an important role in the immune acceptance of the allogeneic fetus. May include immunomodulatory properties are shown, omissions NK cells may be facilitated fetal trophoblast invasion of maternal tissue. More recently, the ability to inhibit the reaction of both nonspecific and specific fruits to concentrate in a short time CD4 CD25brigh. tFOXP3 Treg cell tissue is shown. CD8 T cells include, but are prime candidates for configuring the majority of T cells in fetomaternal interface, recognize and respond to the disparity of HLA fetal maternal. So far, there is limited information on the phenotype and function of CD8 T cell dropout during pregnancy. The phenotypic analysis of decidual CD8 T cells and peripheral blood, the presence of activated CD8 T cells, and was observed population CD8 cells and CD103 T short fabric. CD8 CD28 peripheral – unlike T cells, CD8 CD28-T cells dropped out, did not express cell lysis perforin molecule. Lack of perforin expression means to support the hypothesis shedding T cells that play a role in local immunomodulation and CD8 T cells can not give rise to decidual CD8 cytotoxic response. May result in placental pathological state to the impairment of fetal development and placental defects and regulations differentiation of transient CD8 T cells.

Joined on white CHS, the risk allele predetermined 7 SNP 74 was associated with an increased risk of the nominal stroke. Participants black, the risk allele predefined five SNP were associated with the nominal stroke. Val12Met SNP is associated with a stroke in participants in black and white of CHS in ABCG2. Kaplan-Meier estimates of the cumulative incidence of 10-year stroke, is greater among Val allele homozygotes compared to carriers of allele met participants of the black and white of CHS.

In white participants CHS, I increased the risk of stroke after adjustment was found that the risk allele of 7 SNP of 74 of these were associated (P <0.05) in nominal, risk factors traditional. There was and BAT2, ABCG2, MYH15, FSTL4, CALM1 HPS1, ITGAE the SNP of these seven. Risk factors for stroke range of from 1.49 to (allele) 1.15 further. The participation of black CHS, we found that after the risk allele SNP 5 was adjusted risk factors traditional nominally was associated (P <0.05) in the increased risk of stroke. Hazard ratio for SNP These five when adjusting the internal carotid artery intima and media atrial fibrillation further was 3.59.The risk estimates for the SNP 11 was associated with stroke from 1.40, thickness essentially unchanged or white, and black. Write table the relationship between SNP of all 74 cases and ischemic stroke, it is shown in the available online

We have isolated genomic clones encoding ITGAD partial, a new β2-integrin α subunit. Β2 integrin family in ITGAD gene, the deduced amino acid sequence is highly homologous to the gene encoding is known the α subunit from the previous three that make up the mapping of the position and intron / exon structure.

Acute administration of the monoclonal antibodies raised against a subset of leukocytes CD11d/CD18 integrins CD11d after spinal cord injury in rats improves neurological outcome considerably. This is due to reduced infiltration of neutrophils to spinal cord injury in rats primarily. More recently, the treatment of mice spinal cord injury, antibody decreases damaging the neurological recovery has been proven LY-6G neutrophils. The results of these different, there is a possibility for the difference in the inflammatory response of mice and rats due to the mechanism of action is different from using the two antibodies, or induced by SCI. Since the anti-CD11d treatment to deal with whether there is an effect in mice, and was intravenously administered in compression 24,2 any of fourth thoracic spine segment, control monoclonal antibody or CD11d monoclonal antibodies, 48 ​​hours 8-G damage was after. Myeloperoxidase activity, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and anti-CD11d treatment reduces scarring reduce the infiltration of neutrophils in damaged spinal cord, the mouse is associated with increased protein sparing. Accompanied by increased serotonin immunoreactivity below the level of injury, these improvements in the microenvironment of the spinal cord that is damaged is to strengthen the recovery engine. Our results, in a rat model of SCI, 205C is, CD11d complement the previous work of monoclonal antibody treatment with the anti-integrin therapy.

You can fault constitutes the majority of traumatic brain injury, will lead the accumulation of damage, neurodegenerative disease, chronic neurological abnormalities. It remains the basic mechanism of these side effects are not well understood, there is no cure concrete for concussion now. The nerve inflammation, taking part in the cumulative nature of concussion more than one is suggested, he has contributed significantly to the secondary damage of knowledge after the recent and TBI, severe from our laboratory. Anti-CD11d monoclonal antibody that blocks CD11d/CD18 adhesion molecules react with integrin TBI after severe previously been found to reduce tissue damage experimental neuroinflammation, and oxidation activity and enhance functional recovery we. As may be involved in concussion repeated such treatment, we examined the effect of anti-CD11d process in the rat model of concussion to be repeated here.

The leukocyte integrin gene CD11d is expressed predominantely on subsets of the myelomonocytic lineage (myeloid cells), particularly on macrophage foam cells and splenic red pulp macrophages. Its expression pattern clearly differs from myeloid-specific leukocyte integrins CD11b and CD11c and the leukocyte-specific integrin CD11a. Although the functions of CD11d have not been determined in any detail, its expression in these cell types suggests that it may play a role in the atherosclerotic process. To better understand how this gene is regulated, the steady-state level of CD11d mRNA in differentiating bone marrow CD34+CD38- cells, peripheral blood monocytes, and monocytic cell lines was assessed by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR and compared with those of CD11a, CD11b, and CD11c. Expression of CD11d occurs early in CD34+CD38- cells, rises, and then decreases, in contrast to the expression of the other leukocyte integrins. Expression of CD11d reappears in peripheral blood monocytes differentiating to macrophage foam cells. Oxidized lipoproteins (OxLDL) and acetylated lipoproteins (AcLDL) failed to upregulate CD11d following differentiation of peripheral blood monocytes or the monocytic cell line HL60. However, when both OxLDL and AcLDL were present during differentiation, CD11d was further upregulated. This suggests that expression of CD11d is coordinately regulated with expression of LDL receptors and the development of the foam cell. Site-directed mutagenesis of the -100 to -20 region of the CD11d promoter revealed transcription factor binding sites essential for expression of this gene. Decoy oligonucleotides to the -100 to -20 region taken up by CD34+CD38- cells block their differentiation into myeloid colonies. This suggests that one or more transcription factors that regulate CD11d also are essential for myeloid differentiation, and that the CD11d promoter may be used as a model gene to identify transcription factors essential for myeloid cell differentiation.

Β2 (CD18) integrin-mediated leukocyte cell adhesion limit in various events essential for normal immune function. C011 a/CD18 (LFA-1), CD11 B / CD18 (MAC-1), and CD11c/CD18 (P150, 95): In spite of extensive research in this area, only three of this subfamily members are described in integrins. We have identified a DNA encoding the ads associate chain of fourth, the C018. Ad subunits, is connected to the CD11c and CD11b closely CD11a or more. This integrin, tissue foam cells found in a special aortic fatty streaks that occur in atherosclerotic lesions and such, is expressed at the level of moderate and subsets myeloid cell line of peripheral blood leukocytes, such as macrophages, It is larger cells than the compartment. I show a preferential recognition of ICAM-3 than ad/CD18 molecule ICAM-1.

The encoding can be found in the leukocyte integrin family α subunit late, CD11d is expressed primarily in bone marrow cells. We separate the genomic clone containing the CD11d, it indicates that this gene is a downstream-oriented 11461 bp in the same direction as the relatedCD11c gene. CD11d transcription begins 69-79 nucleotides upstream of the ATG codon. Transfection assay ofCD11d Luc reporter, area of ​​+74 to -173 is sufficient to white blood cell specific expression (HL60 and THP1), luciferase and B cells (IM9), T cells in the (Jurkat cells) bone marrow cells Build you made it clear that it is. The down-regulation of CD11d expression by phorbol esters is a bone marrow-specific transfection analysis shows that it has been provided by morecis element one or +74 region from -173. DNase I footprint analysis in the in vitro, SP3 bind and -40 ~ SP1 in the -63 clearly in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Deletion of the binding site of Sp is decreased significantly CD11d promoter activity. In the presence of phorbol esters leads to activation of the CD11d promoter, whereas downregulation of one of the factors of the antisense oligonucleotides, overexpression of SP3 also decreased CD11d promoter activity or Sp1 in THP1 cells. In contrast to the SP3 of the IM9 in regulatedCD11d promoter expression down Jurkat cells, overexpression. Genomic imprinting in vivo revealed that not the HL60 cells Sp to -63 to -40 region is not stimulated, it is bound to proteins in HL60 cells phorbol ester stimulation. In this site, both of phorbol ester stimulation and do not stimulate Jurkat cells and IM9 Unlike target. Taken together, these results indicate that the ofCD11d achieved by SP3 and SP1 down-regulation phorbol esters marrow specific.

Leukocyte integrin gene CD11d expressed on a subset of bone marrow line (bone marrow cells), especially in the red pulp macrophage foam macrophages and predominantely cells and spleen. Expression pattern is different from the specific integrin CD11a and white blood cells and CD11c-positive bone marrow-specific leukocyte integrin CD11b. CD11d functions are not defined in detail, its expression in the cells of these types has been suggested that it may play a role in atherosclerosis it. In order to understand how good this gene is regulated, CD38 + cells, peripheral blood monocytes and monocyte cell line CD11a and steady-state level of CD11d mRNA in differentiation of bone marrow CD34 was evaluated by RT-PCR and Northern blot , I was compared to that of CD11c with the CD11b. In contrast to the expression of the leukocyte integrin other, CD34 + CD38-cells, expression of CD11d will rise, and you will occur at the beginning of, then decreased. Expression of reproduction CD11d distinguishes macrophage foam cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Peripheral blood monocytes and acetylation and lipoproteins (of oxLDL) oxidized lipoprotein (AcLDL), failed to activate the differentiation of CD11d next monocytic cell line HL60. However, when oxLDL Noto AcLDL was present during differentiation, CD11d were further adjusted. This suggests that it is coordinated with the regulated expression of the development of foam cells and LDL receptor expression CD11d. -100 Directed mutagenesis revealed CD11d transcription factor binding sites necessary for expression of this gene in the -20 region of the promoter. Are occupied by CD34 block the differentiation of bone marrow colony + CD38-cells decoy oligonucleotide -100 to -20 region. This means essential CD11d that also for myeloid differentiation, and CD11d promoter, transcription factors of the one or more controls may be used as a model for the identification of gene transcription factor essential for differentiation of bone marrow cells I could.

Integrin alpha-11, a protein encoded by the gene ITGA11 in humans. This gene encodes the integrin α. Integrin is a heterodimer integral membrane protein consisting of one α and β chain from the chain. I, the protein contains a domain that is displayed to dimer and 1 integrin beta in in vitro, and expressed in muscle tissues and bind collagen in this form. Thus, the protein may be involved in placement of the muscle tissue of the extracellular matrix. Alternate transcriptional splice variants have been found for this gene, its biological activity has not been determined. According to one study, to increase the front stroma cutting corneal button ITGA11 expression from affected keratoconic eye.

Is a large family of cell adhesion molecules consisting of a dimer αβ heterodimer was non-covalently bound integrin. Cloned, we decided to cDNA sequence specified novel human integrin α-subunit α11. DNA is included the I-domain of 207 residues α11, 1120 large linked to the cytoplasmic domain short transmembrane domain of 24 amino acids – the protein to mature with the extracellular domain of residues encoding. Putative protein α11, illustrate structural features typical of integrin α-subunit, I is similar to another group of collagen-binding integrin α-subunit. However, it is different from the integrin α chain most save cytoplasmic pattern GFFKR poorly. ITGA11 human gene is a q22.3-Q23 of 15 chromosome bands localized, rather than the transcript, and are found in various tissues, bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle primarily. 5,5 – expression of KBα11mRNA was detected in the small intestine.

This gene encodes the integrin α. Integrin is a heterodimer integral membrane protein consisting of one α and β chain from the chain. I, the protein contains a domain that is displayed to dimer and 1 integrin beta in in vitro, and expressed in muscle tissues and bind collagen in this form. Thus, the protein may be involved in placement of the muscle tissue of the extracellular matrix. Alternate transcriptional splice variants have been found for this gene, its biological activity has not been determined.

This gene encodes the integrin α. Integrin is a heterodimer integral membrane protein consisting of one α and β chain from the chain. I, the protein contains a domain that is displayed to dimer and 1 integrin beta in in vitro, and expressed in muscle tissues and bind collagen in this form. Thus, the protein may be involved in placement of the muscle tissue of the extracellular matrix. Alternate transcriptional splice variants have been found for this gene, its biological activity has not been determined.

Interactions of cancer cells with stromal plays an important role in chemotherapy-resistant tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Factor for fibroblasts derived from or activated (CAF) fibroblasts associated with cancer, that through the paracrine secretion of growth factors probably contribute to the increased conversion of tumorigenicity epithelial cells and cancer cells possible. Recently, CAFS, to express higher levels α11 integrin was shown in NSCLC. One of the factors that are affected by a higher level of growth in ITGA11 of tumor, some IGF2. High levels of IGF2, can in turn, stimulate the growth of epithelial tumor cells leading to tumor growth and metastasis.

The lung cancer, is responsible for 1.3 million people second, all over the world, year the most common cancer in women to death in men. For (SCLC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapeutic purposes cause small-cell lung cancer the most common of death associated with, lung cancer can be classified into two main types. The last group is a disease of heterologous which can be classified into many types of the core 4 had squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma, histologically. Adenocarcinoma is estimated that approximately one-third of the lung like the majority occur in peripheral lung tissue. In the Western world, most cases of adenocarcinoma are associated with smoking. However, among the people that has not been smoke, adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer. Expression was enhanced ITGA11 was reported in non-small cell carcinoma associated with the stromal fibroblasts. Possible involvement of α11 integrin has not been determined in other types of tumor stroma interactions.

The mature peptide, the length of the 145 kDa molecular weight) of α111166-amino acids by SDS-PAGE in (non-reducing conditions and is longer than is αE, and is composed of 1160 (preferred now identify integrin α-chain of other amino acid in the difference). Extracellular domain, includes repetition of 7 FG-GAP in the amino-terminal domain I insert between 2 and 3 repeat. Area comprises a metal ion-dependent adhesion site motif consists of amino acids 195 pcs booked. In addition to the metal chelate site I field, a divalent cation binding motifs three potential with the consensus sequence DXD / NXDXXXD presence in the 5-7 replicate. Cysteine ​​of 20 overall is located in the extracellular domain. Stored in the α1 chain and integrin α10 16 of them most closely related, they will be able to contribute to the intramolecular disulfide bond. We have added the amino acid sequence of 22 1 calf domain of stem region from amino acid 804 to 826, separated by integrin α chain of α11 other. The (1164 amino acids 1142) transmembrane domain is a 23 amino acids, the cytoplasmic tail of 24 amino acids follows. 10 Alpha – cytoplasmic tail is included GFFRS Save GFFKR sequence to discover instead of all other than the ITGA8 in α-chain sequence.

Integrin is a integral membrane protein consisting of α and one β-chain from the chain to be involved in signal transduction to the cell surface through cell adhesion and are known. II-binding integrin I-domain comprising a binding 10 and β1 integrin chain to form an expression collagen in cartilage tissue. Integrin is a integral membrane protein consisting of α and one β-chain from the chain to be involved in signal transduction to the cell surface through cell adhesion and are known. II-binding integrin I-domain comprising a binding 10 and β1 integrin chain to form an expression collagen in cartilage tissue.

Check the array CGH data, taking into account the addition of TAR syndrome patients, with the mapping of two BAC clones deleted region 1q21.1, we performed FISH analysis. The intermediate results of the fish, I have to confirm the deletion of 500 kilobytes chromosome 1q21.1-on in patients of all studies of TAR syndrome. RP11-258G05 BAC clones distal whereas showed two signals from the position to delete the remote interruption, the signal detected in the medium-term indicators of patients with (in the Delete neighboring interruption) BAC clone RP11-698N18 are. However, we show that the cover BAC clone RP11-258G05, remote breakpoint signal is weak at all times. In this way, the result of the fish, I was confirmed 500 kilobytes to remove ~ chromosome 1q21.1 in the middle. Deviation FISH signals were identified in two families: two signals of strength equality of the RP11-258G05 probe and a distal deletion of RP11-698N18 is expected for these observed in 20 patients, patient 7, 1 staining I shows the complete deletion of BAC clones of two of the body 1.

This indicates that the breakpoints distal is variable, typical delete when compared to patients with 7, these results are patients less than 20. In spite of the bearing, the 20 patients presented a severe phenotype, including deletion of the minimum, the involvement of the lower limbs and phocomelia, an important area of ​​TAR syndrome, covered by RP11-tapir is located in the proximal RP11-293J20 and 698N18, which indicates that it is located within an area are. In order to investigate the telomere break point further, we performed QPCR analysis of the area was removed from the patient 20 narrow the breakpoint region POLR3C gene of 2,5 KB between 144308167 bp and 144 305 643 of 1 on chromosome position was. In response to the 59 affected and 20 patients of TAR syndrome, the sum of the members of the family, was examined by fish. Because we prepare for mid-term can not be used because of the 31 people who are creating the 1q21.1 region test QPCR analysis. TAR syndrome, and deletion was detected by QPCR in 10 patients from 10 different with 6 family of 21. In order to exclude the point mutation alleles not following others, located in the deletion within in three patients, gene 10 (HFE2, LIX1L, PIAS3, ANKRD35, ITGA10, RBM8A, PEX11B, POLR3GL, TXNIP we TAR syndrome that analyzed the coding sequence of GNRR2) and. We do not exist in all patients of the test TAR syndrome mutations that are not found in the control population, and found a polymorphism of some.

Integrin is a integral membrane protein consisting of α and one β-chain from the chain to be involved in signal transduction to the cell surface through cell adhesion and are known. I-domain containing a 10 in combination with (ITGB1) integrin beta for the formation of type II collagen-binding integrin one chain expressed in cartilage tissue.

In the presence of both thumbs by bilateral radial aplasia hypomegakaryocytic and thrombocytopenia characterization – thrombocytopenia absent radius (TAR) syndrome,. Incidence of milk intolerance and congenital heart disease is high frequent other organizations. Evidence of autosomal recessive inheritance comes from individuals and families who was born to parents that are not affected, the impact of multiple, observation of several other claims a more complex pattern of inheritance. In this study, we describe the microdeletion of 200 kilobytes between the general quality of chromosome 1q21.1 in 30 patients all tested in TAR syndrome detected by comparative genomic hybridization microarray-based. Analysis of the parents showed that they had de novo generation of 25% of affected individuals this Delete. Interestingly, we observed the legacy of deletion of a mother and a father. It argues for a specific role of micro-deletion in the pathogenesis of TAR syndrome is the absence of this deletion in the cohort of control subjects. We hypothesized TAR syndrome that is associated with the chromosome 1q21.1 deletion, but still, it produces a phenotype of unknown (mTAR) modifier in the presence of the only additional .